Reference

Glossary

One definition per term, shared across the research topics. Each entry links to the hubs where the concept does real work, so the vocabulary stays consistent from one domain to the next.

60 terms · 15 topics

Algebraic loop

A direct feed-through cycle between coupled components that the orchestration must resolve.

Formal co-simulation and merge verification

Analogue-to-spike encoding

Turning a continuous signal into events, e.g. by delta modulation — the kernel the studio measures.

Neuromorphic and spiking neural networks

AND-gate multiplication

Two independent stochastic streams multiplied by a single logic gate.

Stochastic computing

Binding

A reversible operation that combines two symbols into a new, dissimilar one.

Hyperdimensional computing and vector symbolic architectures

Bit-exact parity

Two implementations producing identical bits on the same inputs — the property the databank checks.

Reproducible and bit-exact numerics

Bitstream encoding

A number represented as the probability that a bit in a random stream is one.

Stochastic computing

Bounded-model claim

A result validated against synthetic or analytic references, valid only within that stated scope.

Plasma equilibrium reconstruction

Canonicalisation (JCS)

Fixing the exact bytes a claim is signed over, so the signature input is unambiguous.

Verifiable provenance and transparency

Co-simulation

Coupling separate simulators that exchange values at synchronisation points.

Formal co-simulation and merge verification

Control pulse

The time-dependent field that drives the system; the variable being optimised.

Quantum optimal control

Critical coupling K_c

The coupling strength at which a synchronised cluster first forms; below it the population stays incoherent.

Synchronisation and the Kuramoto model

Deterministic seed

A fixed PRNG seed that makes a stochastic computation reproducible bit-for-bit.

Reproducible and bit-exact numerics

Deterministic timing

Fixed-latency logic that makes sub-microsecond, repeatable triggers possible.

Neuromorphic hardware and FPGA synthesis

Disruption

A rapid, damaging loss of plasma confinement; the event predictors are built to anticipate.

Tokamak control and plasma safety

EDMD

Extended Dynamic Mode Decomposition — a data-driven finite approximation of the operator.

Koopman operators and predictive control

Event-driven computation

Hardware that acts only when a spike arrives, trading dense throughput for energy.

Neuromorphic hardware and FPGA synthesis

Event-driven hardware

Neuromorphic substrates that compute only when a spike occurs, trading dense throughput for energy efficiency.

Neuromorphic and spiking neural networks

Fail-closed verification

A build or check that aborts on any mismatch rather than degrading silently.

Verifiable provenance and transparency

Fault tolerance

A single bit-flip shifts the value by one stream position, not by a high-order bit.

Stochastic computing

Fidelity

How closely the achieved state or operation matches the target; the objective being maximised.

Quantum optimal control

Field-reversed configuration

A compact toroid with closed field lines and no central column.

Magneto-inertial fusion and field-reversed configurations

FMI

Functional Mock-up Interface — the open standard for exposing and stepping simulation components.

Formal co-simulation and merge verification

FPGA synthesis

Mapping a network to reconfigurable logic — custom hardware without fabrication.

Neuromorphic hardware and FPGA synthesis

GPFA

Gaussian-Process Factor Analysis — smooth single-trial latent trajectories from a GP prior.

Neural population geometry

Grad–Shafranov equation

The nonlinear force-balance equation a tokamak equilibrium must satisfy.

Plasma equilibrium reconstruction

GRAPE

Gradient Ascent Pulse Engineering — the standard gradient method for pulse design.

Quantum optimal control

Holographic representation

Information spread across all dimensions, so partial corruption degrades gracefully.

Hyperdimensional computing and vector symbolic architectures

Hybrid signature

An Ed25519 signature paired with a post-quantum ML-DSA signature over the same claim.

Verifiable provenance and transparency

IEEE 754

The floating-point arithmetic standard a conforming backend must honour.

Reproducible and bit-exact numerics

Intermediate representation

A substrate-independent description of a spiking network that multiple back-ends compile.

Neuromorphic hardware and FPGA synthesis

Inverse problem

Inferring the internal plasma state from external measurements, constrained by physics.

Plasma equilibrium reconstruction

Koopman MPC

Model-predictive control using a Koopman linear predictor, making nonlinear control a convex problem.

Koopman operators and predictive control

Koopman operator

The linear operator that advances observables of a nonlinear system in time.

Koopman operators and predictive control

Latent trajectory

The inferred low-dimensional time course underlying the observed spikes.

Neural population geometry

Liner compression

Driving an implosion with a pulsed-power-accelerated conducting shell.

Magneto-inertial fusion and field-reversed configurations

Low-dimensional manifold

The reduced surface on which high-dimensional population activity actually lies.

Neural population geometry

Magnetic equilibrium

The balance of magnetic and plasma pressure that holds the plasma in shape; the thing control maintains.

Tokamak control and plasma safety

Magneto-inertial regime

Compressing a magnetised plasma on a pulsed timescale, between magnetic and inertial confinement.

Magneto-inertial fusion and field-reversed configurations

Mean-field limit

The large-N approximation in which every oscillator feels the population only through the order parameter.

Synchronisation and the Kuramoto model

Merkle transparency log

An append-only log with inclusion and consistency proofs, following Certificate Transparency.

Verifiable provenance and transparency

Nanosecond triggering

Firing diagnostics and drivers on the timescale the pulsed implosion demands.

Magneto-inertial fusion and field-reversed configurations

Natural frequency spread

The distribution of individual frequencies; its width sets how strong the coupling must be to synchronise.

Synchronisation and the Kuramoto model

Near-orthogonality

In thousands of dimensions almost all random vectors are dissimilar, giving each symbol its own direction.

Hyperdimensional computing and vector symbolic architectures

Neuro-symbolic pairing

A learned component constrained by an analysable symbolic model that bounds its behaviour.

Neuro-symbolic control and stochastic Petri nets

Non-associativity

Floating-point addition depends on order; reordering changes the last bits.

Reproducible and bit-exact numerics

Observable

A function of the state; the Koopman operator acts on these rather than on the state itself.

Koopman operators and predictive control

Order parameter r

The magnitude of the population's mean phase vector, from 0 (incoherent) to 1 (fully phase-locked).

Synchronisation and the Kuramoto model

PCA

Principal component analysis — variance-maximising linear projection via the covariance eigenvectors.

Neural population geometry

Place / transition / token

The three primitives of a Petri net; markings of tokens are the system's states.

Neuro-symbolic control and stochastic Petri nets

Poloidal flux

The magnetic flux function whose contours are the nested flux surfaces of the equilibrium.

Plasma equilibrium reconstruction

Progressive precision

Accuracy that improves as the stream lengthens; error falls with the square root of length.

Stochastic computing

Reachability

The set of markings a net can enter; the basis of its safety and liveness analysis.

Neuro-symbolic control and stochastic Petri nets

Real-time control

Actuation on the plasma's own millisecond timescale, from measurements to coil currents.

Tokamak control and plasma safety

Safety envelope

The operating window within which the device is safe; a control claim is only valid inside it.

Tokamak control and plasma safety

Spike train

A sequence of discrete events in time; the carrier of information in a spiking network.

Neuromorphic and spiking neural networks

Stochastic firing rate

A rate attached to a transition, making the net a continuous-time Markov process.

Neuro-symbolic control and stochastic Petri nets

Superposition

Adding vectors to represent a set while preserving similarity to its members.

Hyperdimensional computing and vector symbolic architectures

Surrogate gradient

A smooth approximation to the spike's derivative, used only on the backward pass to permit gradient training.

Neuromorphic and spiking neural networks

Synchronisation point

The agreed instant at which coupled simulators exchange values.

Formal co-simulation and merge verification

Target unitary

The operation the control is designed to realise, e.g. a quantum logic gate.

Quantum optimal control